Common Fallacies
A fallacy is an error in logic, a misleading or incorrect belief, and is the basis for an unsound argument. Below are some common fallacies. Encountering a fallacy in an argument doesn't necessarily mean the argument is false; it just means that the point hasn't been argued correctly. Strive to avoid fallacies in your arguments as well as sources that contain fallacies in order to strengthen your position.
This page presents only a few fallacies that are most common in arguments. There are many resources available on the web if you'd like to learn more. Try searching Google for: common fallacies in arguments.
Ad Hominem
Attacking the person instead of the argument
Appeal to the Popular
Arguing that a certain position must be correct because the majority of people, in the speaker's opinion, agree to it.
Appeal to Tradition
(Appeal to Common Practice)
Arguing that a position must be true because it has been done or believed for a long time.
Begging the Question
(Circular Logic)
Assuming the argument you are trying to prove is true, or using your own argument as proof that the argument is correct.
Emotional Appeal
(Appeal to Pity, Appeal to Fear)
Arguing that a conclusion must be true through an appeal to emotions such as pity, anger, or fear.
False Dichotomy
(Either-Or, Oversimplification)
Simplifying the possible choices in an argument to two. Often one of the two is given favorable treatment, while the other choice is cast as a dangerous alternative.
Faulty Causality
(Post hoc ergo propter hoc)
Usually translated as "after this, therefore because of this," arguing that a certain effect must be caused by an event simply due to their relationship in time.
Hasty Generalization
Drawing a conclusion from insufficient evidence.
Slippery Slope
Arguing that a tiny misstep or decision made now will cause tomorrow's disaster. Slippery slope arguments are similar to scare tactics in that the presented consequences are usually greatly exaggerated.
